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Click here for Rolleiflex 2.8E in der praxis
DESCRIPTION OF CAMERA
1. Focusing magnifier ~ 16 2. Magnifier flap ~ 16 3. Focusing hood ~ 16 4. Locking clip for back hinge ~ 37 5. Neck strap ~ 12 6. Film frame counter window ~ 40 7. Crank release (to retention shutter for double exposures) ~ 30 8. Light value scale ~ 24 9. Film advance and shutter tensioning crank ~ 30 10. Shutter release guard ~ 30 11. Shutter release with cable release socket ~ 30 12. Locating sockets for panorama head 13. Back lack clip ~ 36 14. Pin-socket for Rolleikin direct view finder mask ~ 17 |
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29. Tripod socket ~ 37 30. Back locking lever ~ 36 31. Adjustable film pressure plate ~ 38 32. Combination back for No. 120 (B 11 8) and 35 mm film ~ 36 33. Winding key far take-up spool ~ 38 34. Anti-reflection baffles 35. Automatic film feeler mechanism rollers ~ 40 |
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36. Automatic depth-of-field indication ~ 26 |
TO LOCATE THE MOST IMPORTANT PARAGRAPHS QUICKLY
"PREPARING TO SHOOT"
As today's example of a practical precision camera, the Rollei offers not only the highest degree of performance and optical quality, but also all the ease of use one could wish for. Just three controls and three operations suffice for everyday use. Correct operation is simplicity itself. Because of the virtues of its design and construction, Rollei easily copes with all the special tasks that the photographer who wishes to take full advantage of his and its capabilities will set himself.
The following pages constitute a detailed "Instructions for Rollei-Photography" and therefore will be suitable even for later reference. The illustrations will quickly acquaint you with the handling characteristics and operations. Moreover, if you wish to get into photographic action immediately, note that everything important is especially emphasized by arrows in the fallowing abstract.
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Page 6. I. A Brief Rolleiflex. Anatomy |
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Page 44. V. Tips on Picture Taking |
1. A BRIEF ROLLEIFLEX-ANATOMY
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In the Rolleiflex two separate cameras are joined in a twin-camera with a common sturdy die-cast body: the bottom half is the taking-camera, in which the film is exposed, and the upper half is the viewing-camera, which is designed on the mirror-reflex principle. Its special task is to make the focusing visible on the ground glass and to supply o control image essentially similar to that of the prospective picture. The image forming rays are transmitted by the fully open viewing lens, projected on to the ground glass screen via the mirror and the result is a right-side-up ground glass image, in the full size of the original picture. This viewing image is visible at all times and every detail of composition and framing may be watched even during exposure. The ground glass screen is ruled with a number of vertical and horizontal lines making it possible to detect errors, such as lines which converge but should be parallel or a slanting horizon, in time to notice and correct them. It is easy to straighten or level the camera by means of the lines on the ground glass screen. |
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Above all, the ground glass screen provides the means for focusing the camera. This is accomplished by rotating the focusing knob. Both lenses, which are inflexibly coupled to each other by means of a sturdy common front plate, are thereby adjusted simultaneously a sharp viewing image therefore guarantees an equally sharp picture. Since the Rolleiflex is equipped with a fast viewing lens and on optically prepared ground glass screen, the viewing image is extremely bright and clear and focusing can be done very critically. The focusing hood, which is designed far one-hand operation is kept in both open and closed positions by spring tension. It is equipped with o swinging magnifier. It offers at approximately 2.5 times magnification of the entire ground gloss image, a still more precise means for focusing the camera. If the front panel of the focusing hood is pushed inward,~ it is transformed into a direct view finder; through which the subject may be seen in natural size making it particularly easy to follow fast action. In this case it is still possible at all times to maintain control over focus this is mode possible by means of a second magnifier in the back of focusing hood, and a diagonally mounted mirror. A slight raising or lowering of the Rolleiflex is all that is required to alternate between the right-side-up open view in the direct finder, and the reversed center portion of the ground gloss focusing image. The fact that the two finder openings are located so close together, enables quick framing of the subject offer focusing. The usefulness of the open direct view finder is thereby enhanced for sports pictures. |
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Focusing the front lens panel throughout the range from no (infinity) -- 40 inches (distances measured from the focal or film plane to the subject) is accomplished by nearly one full turn of the focusing knob. The special design of the focusing mechanism (a cam drive based on the principle of the Archimedes spiral) insures uniform movement of the lens panel in both directions without play or backlash. Tied in with the movement of the lenses is a simple sliding mechanism, located beneath the ground glass, providing completely automatic parallax compensation. Consequently, the final picture is always framed exactly as originally viewed an the ground glass screen. Similarly complete control is had even when using supplementary Rolleinor lenses for close-up work because of the prism which is built into the Heidosmat-Rolleinar. |
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The exposure meter is made up of the light sensitive element, or photo-cell, in the name plate of the camera and the measuring mechanism in the focusing knob. It can be adjusted far two ranges of sensitivity In brilliant light the photo-cell is partially covered by an opaque shutter behind the honey comb lenses of the photo-cell. In dim light the photo-cell receives all the light coming through the honey comb far full sensitivity. The reading is supplied in the form of the light value far the film speed being used. The light value can be obtained by measuring the light reflected from the object or scene, or the incident light, through the attachable diffuser. |
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The depth-of-field indicator on the focusing knob is permanently coupled to the diaphragm and indicates by means of a white band, that portion of the field which is in the actual range at sharpness Since the two lenses are of identical focal length (f = 80 mm, picture angle Across diagonal, 53°) it follows that the image in both sections of the camera will always be critically focused on the same portion of the subject simultaneously. The f :2.8 taking lens is a five glass construction with two cemented elements (modified Gauss-type) and features outstanding correction for black and white and color pictures, while the viewing-Heidosmat f 2.8 lens meets with the special requirements for critical ground glass screen focusing. Both lenses are treated with abrasion resistant coating. The bayonet receptacles circling the mounts are intended far attaching the lens hood and supplementary optical accessories, which in this way will be held' in optically correct position and form a solid unit with the camera. The removable combination bark is attached to the camera by means of two hinges with automatic lack and at the bottom it contains the tripod socket and the safety back lock. Its adaptability for the two picture sizes 2 1/4 X 2 1/4" and 24X36 mm is the result of the adjustable film pressure plate which can be set for 120 (B II 8)-film (with paper backing), or for 35 mm film (without paper backing) when used in conjunction with the Rolleikin attachment. In bath cases a film channel is created with a width that corresponds to the thickness of the film being used. Thus the film can be properly held in the focal plane, and also can slide through without undue friction when advanced. |
The quick acting crank coupled with an automatic gear mechanism performs five important functions with each pendulum swing
1. advances film to next frame,
2. advances film frame counter,
3. tensions the shutter,
4. releases shutter lock,
5. engages film lack.
The shutter release and film advance crank are lacked and unlocked alternately, thereby offering full insurance against double exposures or skipped frames.
For intentional double exposures the crank must be unlocked at the crank base Turning the crank a full turn to the left winds the shutter again without advancing the film.
Automatic stops limit the extent of crank swing. With the increasing thickness of the film on the take-up spool the crank swing decreases from 3/4 of a turn in the beginning to just under 1/2 turn at the end of the roll. Thus the film is always advanced exactly one full frame.
In addition to this, each swing of the crank automatically brings up the next number in the film counter window.
The positioning of the film so that the first frame is correctly placed also is accomplished automatically. After inserting the full film spool in the bottom chamber, the paper leader must be passed through the two feeler rollers and drawn up an to the empty take-up spool. The feeler rollers will allow uninterrupted passage of the thin backing paper. Only when the increased thickness (at the point where film joins paper) goes through the rollers, does the automatic tripping mechanism allow the counter to go into action. The crank continues briefly and then stops, firmly--the film has reached the position for exposure No.1. The pressure of the rollers is released immediately after the passage of the film's beginning so that the rest of the roll will slip through freely.
After the twelfth exposure, the counter mechanism automatically disengages and the crank turns freely, permitting the complete winding up of the fully exposed film.
II. THE ROLLEIFLEX IN OPERATION
Neck Strap
The neck strap is adjustable and is secured by a unique quick fastening device; it serves also as the carrying case strap (I).
To Fasten: insert the retaining prongs at the ends of the strap into the camera's strap holders and snap closed (2).
To Release: press the retaining prongs together and remove strap.
Ever Ready Carrying Case
To Open: release snap on back and open cover forward(3). Before closing set camera to focus an infinity.
Removing the Camera: detach the neck strap (2) lift crank outward, spread the sides of the case slightly and pull camera forward (4).
Inserting the Camera: spread the two sides of the case slightly, guide the raised crank through opening from the inside and lower the camera backwards into the case; fasten the strap.
The film can be changed without completely disengaging the camera from the case. Merely unfasten the strap an the left (focusing) side of camera and refasten it to the camera only, on the inside of the case. Remove camera from case, leaving the case still attached through the strap fastening on the right side. A reverse procedure, taking care that crank handle protrudes through the opening will get the camera and case together again in shooting and carrying position.
Lens Cap
The upper part is attached in front of the viewing lens by bayonet mounting and the lower part through friction fit.
Removal of Lens Cop: lift the rawer port by the tab at the lower edge and fold it against the upper part (5). Remove cap from the bayonet by turning it counter-clockwise 1/4 of a turn (6).
Attaching Lens Cap: fit the folded cap into the bayonet of the viewing lens -- hinge pointing to the right (focusing knob) -- and fasten it with a 1/4 turn clockwise. Fold down the lower part and snap into place.
Holding the Camera
Basic rule camera hanging around the neck with taut strap and the camera held firmly by bath hands. The right hand grasps the camera at the bottom, the index finger on the shutter release, the thumb supporting the uplifted crank (quick handling of the film transport: ~ p. 42). The left hand does the focusing (1). In this position diaphragm and shutter controls may be operated comfortably.
The camera is usually carried with a taut strap over the shoulder. The strap remains taut and gives required steadiness when using ground glass (2). When using the magnifier, merely farm a loop to shorten the strap, using the thumb of the right hand and adjusting camera to required position (3). This method of holding will aid materially in achieving the steadiness required far sharp pictures.
Caution: a wrong or uncomfortable "grip" may cause you to lift inadvertently the hanging top of the ever ready case.
In order to assure solid contact when working with a tripod, do not use the ever ready case. Far a practical method of quick mounting: use the Rollei tripod head !
Waist-level or eye-level positions for the camera are considered normal for most pictures. The extremely flexible Rollei, however, readily permits exposures at or near floor level, overhead, shooting straight up or down. and occasionally, surprise snaps 'around, the corner'. The illustrations (4 - 7) show a few possibilities for such pictures with the camera in different positions.
Focusing Hood
To Open: lift the rear edge of the focusing hood cover Spring tension keeps it open (1)
To Close: pull back focusing hood (2)
Note: the focusing hood may be closed only with the magnified in folded position.
The focusing hood may also be closed with the same hand movement that closes the ever ready case. The push-button at the rear of the focusing hood serves to hold the Rolleigrid lens or the Rolleikin ground glass screen mask.
Focusing Magnifier
To Raise: pull release lever in the open focusing hood upwards - the magnifier springs into position (3).
To Lower (before closing the focusing hood) push down magnifier flap until it snaps into position.
Avoid touching the lens itself (4).
Use of the Magnifier: use the magnifier as close to the eye as possible.
The magnifier is interchangeable and may be replaced tar the convenience of near or far sighted people. Strengths from minus three to plus three diopters ore available.
Direct View Finder
To Open (after raising the magnifier): push the direct view finder flap inwards until it snaps into place (5).
To Close: depress magnifier flap slightly - the direct view finder panel immediately returns to nor- position (6).
The subject is viewed at eye-level through the direct view finder and focusing may be checked by means of the second (also interchangeable) magnifier.
The two pin sockets and small knob on the front of the hood permit attachment of the Rolleikin direct view finder mask.
Changing Magnifier (if eyesight demands)
To Remove: pull back ring mount against retaining spring and lift out. To insert put into position (back first), pull back against spring and snap dawn.
Rear Magnifier: to remove push in slightly at tap and lift out. To insert slip magnifier (white dot uppermost) between retaining springs-- push down until it snaps into place.
Exposure Meter
Adjusting to DIN/ASA Speed Ratings: turn the adjusting ring beyond the left or right stop Ad, until the correct speed rating appears above the indicator mark. The dots are for the usual intermediate half value DIN/ASA graduations.
Setting Sensitivity Range: in bright light move control (corner of nameplate) to upper stop so that red dot is covered -- use forward light value window (1). In weak light, move control downward, uncovering red dot--use red light value window (2).
Measuring far Light Value: turn adjusting ring (3) until red and black indicators are exactly covered-- read the indicated full or half-value in the appropriate light value window. If the indicators do not reach covering change the range with the sensitivity central.
The exposure meter is ruggedly built and will withstand the strangest light in bath ranges of measurement.
Two methods of measurement permit Rollei to master all light conditions
Reflected light or object measurement (Measuring the light reflected by the subject)
Advantage: Aiming camera in direction of subject is convenient. The meter covers the angle covered by the film so that it is very easy to point camera correctly, even when measuring light from specific objects or details.
Application: For block and white shots with well balanced differences in light (and strode) --for color shots with front lighting or with light partially from the side without visible shadows being included in picture.
For measuring details: When details ore most important and if subject is unevenly lit.
To get reading: Aim at subject or detail with ground glass and read light value in this position (1).
Incident light measurement with Diffuser (Measuring the light as it falls on the subject)
Advantage: Measuring incident light gives light value even in those cases where measurement of light from subject great detail cannot be achieved.
Application: For unbalanced lighting conditions when it is not possible to measure, separately, details important to the picture. Also for Rolleinar shots.
To get reading: Place diffuser in position over holding knobs on the photo-cell and aim in direction directly opposite to that to be used when shot is made. Example from subject to intended camera position, or (in open air) towards a place with same light conditions. Read off light value (2).
The sun or other strong sources of light may adversely affect the reading even when located outside the immediate angle covered by the picture. Shade the cell in such cases at a distance of about 20 inches.
Reflected light or subject measurements represent the norm, the most used method, when light and shade are about evenly apportioned throughout the picture. The measured light value corresponds to the overall brightness of the subject.
Detail measurements become necessary when either very light or very cork areas prevail. In this case individual measurements are token of the light and dark areas, and a mid-point light value is used. When advisable, this method can be varied to favor either the light or dark areas, whichever is more important. If the subject point of interest varies greatly in brightness from the rest of the picture, take the reading directly from this portion of the picture. Example a person in front of a light wall or, conversely before a very cork entrance. In both cases, take reading directly from the person.
Additional Hints:
1. When measuring light from landscape, tilt camera forward to favor ground over sky.
2. Take close-up readings when the reading from the whole picture does not favor main port of subject. For instance, measure the face in a portrait.
3. When a subject cannot be approached conveniently for measuring, choose a nearby substitute object of same brightness. Example animals in enclosures at a distance.
Incident light measurements (with diffuser) are often token as substitutes for averaged detail measure- A light value for overage brightness of subject results. For subjects of great contrast, the measured light value should be varied (usually 1/2 light value) according to whether the important part of the picture is lighter or darker than the average. Examples: Rolleinar shots of small objects as for instance, a light or brilliant blossom with dark background. Shots in shade with strong rays of sunshine. Objects with brilliant sky background. Against-the-light portraits. Pictures including bright reflections from snow, water, beach.
"LIGHT VALUES with adjustable speed-diaphragm combinations
Black and white films have great exposure latitude. Over-exposure can largely be offset by proper processing of the negative. Under-exposure, however, results in loss of shadow detail. A time-tried rule is to expose for the shadows, generally. If in doubt, it is better to err towards over rather than underexposure.
Color films have considerably less exposure latitude and strong lighting contrasts cannot be represented properly. Failure to observe this characteristic will result in changed color values. Over-exposure, in the case of color transparency films will be indicated by pale, washed put colors. Under-exposure will cause the colors to appear excessively deep, although this is sometimes an advantage. Unless you are going after a special effect, adhere strictly to this rule: Expose color film as exactly as possible and avoid excessive contrasts. Dark subjects tend to appear too deep in projection, even with good lighting and seemingly correct exposure. The opposite is true of light colored objects. Therefore, a second rule: Expose dark subjects fully ( - 1/2 light value) and light subjects sparingly ( + 1/2 light value).
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Light values and time exposures Below light value 8, the shutter runs out of suitable speeds and time exposures must be used. Wit h the shutter speed dial set at "B", appropriate exposure times and diaphragm openings may be chosen from the table on the back of the camera. The measured light value is located at the tap, and the desired diaphragm opening at the left of the table. Where these columns cross the time of exposure, in seconds will be found. Example light value 4, diaphragm 11, 8 seconds. When the shutter is set at 'B', change diaphragm opening by operating the control with the coupling button depressed. The light value scale on the speed control is inoperative in this range. |
Light value (Shutter speed and diaphragm)
A. Normal case: Adjustment with speed-diaphragm coupling
To couple speed and diaphragm: Align the coupling button with the marks on the diaphragm control wheel (1).
Adjusting the light value: Temporarily decouple by depressing the button and set to desired full or huff light value by turning speed control (a). If the light value cannot be reached before a stop is encountered, release the button, turn back the speed control and repeat the above operation.
Adjusting speed and diaphragm: Turn the speed control ring or, even better, turn both control wheels simultaneously in the same direction (3)
B. Special case: Adjustment without speed-diaphragm coupling
To uncouple: Set the coupling button so that it is diagonal to the marks an the central wheel (4)
Adjusting speed and diaphragm: Operate both control wheels independently. This manner of operation is usually used with flash, when the light value is not measured.
chart of "Speed of Moving Subjects"
Moving Objects require short shutter speeds in order to be reproduced sharply. Far this purpose the table contains computed minimum values, depending on the factors: speed, distance and direction.
Taking distance: the yard-column on the left stands for sufficient sharpness (f/1400), the yard column on the right for increased sharpness (f/2000, ~ p. 28). In spite of these normally correct figures, it is often possible in actual photography to use longer shutter speeds. This is because the eye interprets slight unsharpness as giving an added impression of speed.
Long arrow = direction movement.
A short arrow = taking direction ( -> up to 10°, angle up to 30° and straight up arrow, up to 90° to the direction of movement).
Shutter Speed
The shutter speed chosen must be suited to the speed of motion of the subject ( ~ page 25). The Synchro Compur shutter can be adjusted to the above designated speeds. Distinct click stops will be felt as each speed is reached and in-between speeds cannot be used. 1/60th sec. is the most commonly used speed, minimizing camera movement nicely. Shutter speeds longer than 1/30th sec. are not generally safe, except with a tripod. The figures indicating speed appear in the peep window in red and represent fractions of seconds; for example 30 = 1/30 sec. The green letter "B" setting permits longer time exposures. When using any combination of speed and diaphragm the setting of the speed must appear exactly in the center of the peep window.
Diaphragm--Sharpness--Depth of Field
The adjusted diaphragm opening figures appear in the peep window in black. The lines between the figures indicate mid paint diaphragm openings. Either the figure or the half-value mark will be in the center of the peep window. When uncoupled, the diaphragm may be set anywhere, at will.
The diaphragm, amongst other things, regulates depth of field. Best sharp focusing technique requires that the area of sharpest focus be used to bracket the principal abject in the picture. Of course, sufficient definition should also be present both before and behind the paint of focus. The zone of this depth of field sharpness can be artfully enlarged. It is increased bath by closing down the diaphragm and taking the picture from a greater distance.
If the subject has an extended-depth (for example, landscape with foreground), you must either change the speed-diaphragm combination to one with a smaller opening, or move back with the camera.
The range of the depth of field covered by any given setting is shown by the white band adjacent to the distance. scale. The indicator is coupled to, and changes with, the diaphragm.
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1. Example: Focusing on 12 ft with diaphragm at f 8 provides a depth of field from approximately 10 to 15 ft. Very small diaphragm openings usually require excessively long exposure times so that same compromise is sometimes necessary: |
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The Depth of Field Table
Since the sharp zone in the picture does not end abruptly, but gradually changes to something less sharp, it is generally sufficient to read the depth of field in round figures. With this in mind the scale on the focusing knob has been calibrated for quick and practical use.
If exact figures are desired, these may be found in the table on page 29.
For normal use the upper of the double row of diaphragm figures is used as in the case when an enlargement is to be made later from the entire 2 1/4 X 2 1/4' negative. (These diaphragm openings are based on a circle of confusion of 1/1400 of the focal length.)
On the other hand if enlargements are to be made from o small portion of the negative (or Rolleikin negatives), it is advisable to go by the lower row of diaphragm openings (circle of confusion=f 2000).
Explanation: the degree of sharpness required from a negative is exclusively dependent on the magnification of the prospective enlargement and its subsequent viewing distance.
In order to obtain a correct perspective impression at 10" (a comfortable viewing distance) a whole Rollei negative would have to be enlarged 3.1 X to 7 1/8 X 7 1/8. Enlargements of this size, viewed at 10", determine the basis far the minimum acceptable sharpness. With this in mind the size of the circle of confusion is computed and the limits of the depth of field ascertained. Negatives made in this way will permit enlargements also to larger sizes, while still retaining the same impression of sharpness. This is because the viewing distance is always correspondingly increased.
With enlargements from portions of Rollei negatives or from Rolleikin negatives, the requirements with regard to sharpness are more critical. In this case depth of field is calculated using a smaller circle of confusion. In practical use the required depth is obtained through the use of a smaller diaphragm opening
The effectiveness of the scale on the camera itself may be extended in the same manner merely by using the next smaller diaphragm opening than the one indicated for the desired zone.
If enlargements of very great size are to be made use a diaphragm opening two stops smaller than the one indicated.
"Depth of field Table"
Shutter tensioning
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Tensioning together film advance is automatic through crank action (1) ( -> p. 40). Tensioning without film advance -- possible only with rail-film loaded camera--for intentional double or multiple exposures move release ring at base of crank in direction of arrow and then turn crank through one complete backward revolution until it stops (2). Tensioning with Rolleikin: automatic through crank action. Double exposures not possible. Tensioning with Plate Adapter: swing crank normally. through 180°, and back to stop. Repeated tensioning for multiple exposures possible. |
Releasing Shutter
Instantaneous exposures: with release guard in lowered position (
)' press release button gently until it stops (3a).
Time exposures: set shutter to "B", unlock release button () press and hold for duration of exposure. To reduce possibility of camera movement, use a locking type cable release.
Long Time exposures. Set shutter to "B", depress release slightly (not enough to open shutter) and swing guard to lock it in this position (),(3b). Exposure press release completely (3c) and terminate by swinging release guard downward (down arrow) (3d)
Self-timer
The Synchro-lever (-> page 31) serves also as the winding lever for the self-timer. In self-timer shots a delay of approximately ten seconds occurs between release of the shutter and the actual exposure. Any shutter speed, excepting B. from 1 to 1/500th sec. may be used. Winding of the self-timer mechanism is possible only after the shutter itself has been wound, and is accomplished by swinging the Synchro lever from position 
(4) in the direction of the arrow until it stops (5). To move the lever from 
to 
, pull out the spring loaded small knurled knob. Shorter delays than 10 seconds are possible by merely moving the lever only part of the way. Upon release of the shutter the lever immediately springs back to position (4), indicating that the mechanism has gone into action. This also serves to show that the setting is the only possible one to use when making flash self-timer shots (-> 8 p. 51).
To Use: First tension shutter (crank), then wind the self-timer. Release shutter as usual.
| The shutter and self-timer may be left wound even when the camera is laid away for short periods of time without weakening the power of the springs. |
III. FLASH LIGHT TECHNIQUE
In modern flashlight technique the camera shutter takes over the task of firing the bulb electrically at the right moment. In this way instantaneous flash exposures are possible with a hand-held camera.
The Synchro-Compur shutter in the Rolleiflex is, for this purpose, equipped with electrical contact. The contact may be adjusted to the required delay of the flash lamps by means of the Synchro-lever
For safety reasons one pole of the contact is grounded to the camera body (isolation-test
700 volts). All commercially available flash guns and electronic flash units may be used. Current-carrying capacity of the contact when several flash lamps are connected simultaneously 10 amperes at 24 volts for a period up to o maximum of 1/l5th sec.
The M contact stands for full synchronization for flash bulbs with a firing delay of 16.5 thousandths of a sec. The fastest shutter speeds up to 1/500 sec. can be used. Because of the delayed contact, the shutter always opens to catch the greatest volume of the light.
The selection of flash lamp-type depends on the light output required by the subject. Many makes are available in three groups (normal, medium and high light output). The selection is dependent on the taking conditions, especially as to whether a room of shallow or great depth is to be illuminated.
Selection of M-X lever position, applicable speed range and exposures can be learned from the instructions of the different flash light products. Far the best known makes the table on page 34 contains the necessary information and the permissible shutter speeds.
Connecting Flash Unit: push flash cord plug into the socket on the camera.
Setting for desired flash position: Pull out the small knurled knob somewhat and swing lever to either (1) or (2). The knurled knob will spring back, locking the lever in the chosen position.
Removing Flash Cord Plug: unlock by swinging locking lever (3).
"Flash Contact and Permissible Shutter Speeds" table
Explanation of the Table
The "Contact" column indicates the correct setting of the M-X lever far each lamp type.
The "Shutter Speed" column shows the permissible speed range:
Center: the recommended shutter speed includes practically the entire light output of the flash lamp. This assures the maximum illumination as well as the smallest diaphragm (for greater depth of field). The following applies as a general rule:
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Use the standard recommended speed together with the correct setting of the M-X lever for the lamp in use. |
Left: the fastest speed indicates the limit to which the shutter may be set. For lively action or sports subjects, the foster speeds are employed.
Right: the exposure time may be increased to the slowest speed (1 second or even time exposures), if, in addition to the flash, it is desired to make use of existing light. In such cases the total amount of light from all sources must be considered in choosing the diaphragm opening.
The Effective Exposure Time (as indicated in the table by means of colored ink) is not in each case identical to the shutter speed, but depends on the portion of the flash lamp light output utilized
With X-Contact the duration of the flash itself is actually shorter than any of the permissible shutter speeds. Therefore, the duration of the flash (figure shown in parenthesis) is the effective appropriate exposure time and the diaphragm opening must be the same regardless of the shutter speed selected.
With M-Contact the shutter speeds, from "fastest" to "recommended" fall within the duration of the flash: they, therefore, represent the actual exposure time and if the shutter speed is increased, the diaphragm must be opened accordingly. Only when slower shutter speeds are employed is the fully utilized light output equal to the actual exposure time, and this is the same as the recommended speed.
The illustration should make the utilization of the available flash light still mare obvious: the white symbols represent the flash, and their size, the utilized light at the shutter speed employed.
IV. LOADING AND FILM TRANSPORT
The Rolleiflex is loaded with 2 1/4 X 2 1/4, roll-film 120 or B 118 (620 not usable) and delivers 12 exposures 2 1/4 X 2 1/4".
The loading of the camera is confined to a few simple operations: open the back-- insert the full film spool --thread the film --close the back. From now on the film transport follows automatically through crank action.
Back
To Open: swing aside the back locking lever at the bottom of the camera (1), lift the clip (2), open back (3), using the clip as a handle.
To Close: with the flat of the hand push the back closed, fold down the clip and return lacking lever to full forward position.
The back is generally removed only when replaced by the plate adapter.
To Remove: open back fully (4) and swing the locking lever on the right side back hinge (crank side) in the same direction until it stops (5). Slip back out of the opened hinge (6).
To Attach: insert detached back first into the left and then into the right hinge (with locking lever in the upper position).
Protect the open camera against prevailing dust and dirt and clean it occasionally with a soft camel's hair brush!
Never change film in direct sunlight, utilize at least your own body's shadow !
The camera may be attached to a tripod by means of the threaded socket on the bottom. Caution the length of the tripod screw must not exceed 3/16". If this is not possible, use 'Rolleifix". or other similar device and avoid damaging bottom of camera. For cameras with continental tripod sockets a reducing bushing is available.
Film Pressure Plate Must be Positioned Correctly!
When roll-film is employed, the inscription 2 1/4" X 2 1/4" must be visible below the film pressure plate. When changing from 120 roll film to 35 mm film, or the reverse, an adjustment must be made according to the film type being used.
To adjust the film pressure plate (1) Press the plate against the back and push it up or down until it stops. When released it must spring forward completely into the normal prone!
Inserting the Film Spool
In the factory-new camera the empty spool (take-up spool) is already in position. After removal of the exposed film the just emptied spool becomes a take-up spool, and must be transferred to the upper spool-chamber. The end with the slat goes to the right engaging the winding key of the film transport mechanism (2).
Both film spools are held in position by the spool knob devices on the camera's left side. The upper (take-up) spool knob also serves as a 35 mm frame counter when using the Rolleikin (see booklet "The Practical Accessories"). To change films both knobs are pulled to an outward position, where they will remain until a slight pressure is applied to make them return. The camera's back should be closed only after the knobs have been returned to their original positions--closing the back serves to lack the knobs in position.
To Insert the Empty Spool: first fit the spool over the winding key on the right (crank side) and pull out the guide knob (3). Push the spool down on the lea applying slight pressure, so that the knob may snap back into place fully (4). It is then necessary to turn the crank until the fang slat in the empty spool comes uppermost (5).
Note: The empty spool must be removed from the camera when using an adapter-- however, keep it handy for use with the next roll of 120 film.
To Insert a Full Film Spool: in the same way as applies to the take-up spool (6). The pointed end of the backing paper must point in the direction of the toke-up-spool chamber, so that the calved side of the backing paper remains on the outside
Threading the Film(Paper Leader)
After inserting the new film-spool tear the tape seal Open and remove it.
1. Thread the beginning of the backing paper through the rollers of the film feeler mechanism (important!) and draw it up to the take-up spool, colored and printed side outwards (1).
2. Push the paper leader through the long slot of the take-up spool as far as it goes (2).
3. Tighten the backing paper by one spool turn (= approximately 3/4 crank turn), making sure that the paper is wound up properly an the take-up spool (3). Close back (with the film pressure plate adjusted according to instructions!).
Film Transport
The correct positioning of the film according to the first and following numbers of the exposure counter is accomplished exclusively by the crank. The correct operation of this is governed by stops.
| Swing out crank (4), turn it until it stops with one continuous swing (5) and then back again until the next stop (6). |
It is now locked, until the automatically wound shutter is released. The simple rule then reads.
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If the crank can be turned, it must be turned -- once in each direction until it stops, until it locks! |
When advancing the film to exposure No. 1 some 4 to 5 complete crank turns are required. During the last turn a slight resistance of the mechanism must be overcome as the counter moves from 0 to 1. If it should happen that the crank reaches starting position when it stops, reverse direction one full turn, so that it locks!
During continued film transport the amount of crank travel decreases gradually to about a half turn.
When making exposures in rapid succession it is unnecessary to fold down the crank each time. It remains locked in its starting position, ready for the next film advance, with a slight pressure of the thumb keeping it against its stop.
If longer intervals occur between exposures the question could arise has the film already been advanced and the shutter wound. The crank gives the answer immediately:
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Only if locked is it "ready to shoot". |
To Remove the Film
After the 12th and last exposure four complete crank turns are enough to wind off the rest of the backing paper (1).
To Remove: open the back in the shade, pull out upper spool knob and remove the film from the same side (2). Fold under a good portion of the backing paper (for easier opening when developing) and seal (3). Put the exposed film back into thee light-proof protective cover of the original package!
"Speed of Photographic Emulsions" chart
| Film Indicator When loading with a new roll of film, adjust the film sensitivity setting of the exposure meter ( -> page 19). The film reminder should also be set. markings for all film types are available, Ortho Pan, Indoor color and daylight color. Turn the knurled knob and watch the window. |
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V. TIPS ON PICTURE-TAKING
Landscapes
Focusing far distant subjects including foreground. For maximum depth, set the infinity 00 mark to the end of the depth of field bond. Using diaphragm f 11, for instance, provides a depth of field sharpness extending from 00 infinity to approximately 17 ft (5 meters).
Use of filters is important in black and white shots to separate and emphasize the tones of the dominant colors, such as those of the blue sky, green foliage and yellow grain fields. Specific changes in the atmospheric mood of the picture can also be effected.
1. Blue Sky with Clouds: yellow filters darken blue skies and thus improve the reproduction of clouds. The deeper the color of the filter, the stronger and more dramatic the effect. Blue snow shadows are also rendered truer to tone. The green filter tones down the sky, brightens foliage and darkens the occasionally too lightly rendered reds (with pan film) such as sun-tanned flesh and red tile roofs. For filtering the sky but not the landscape: the Rolleipol filter darkens the blue sky only by eliminating the polarized light.
2. Haze and Mist: the blue filter, useful for pictorial effects, increases hazy effect. The orange or red cut through and improve the clarity of distant views. The blue filter reduces contrast, the red or orange increase brilliance. Maximum penetration of light haze is obtained with infra-red film and infra-red filter (700mu). Barely visible mountain chains are reproduced clearly. An add effect with this combination is that green leaves are rendered almost white Filters are of no use at all in really bad weather when there is a good deal of moisture in the air.
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Seascapes, beach and high mountains: Use the ultra violet filter to cut out ultra-violet rays and avoid washed out pictures.
Picture Composition Rules: distant views are generally better if foreground contains (for added depth impression) trees, people, animals, etc. Foliage is often used as a frame far the distant view. Focus should be sufficiently sharp in the foreground. Strong effects are created when deep shadows in the foreground are set against the lighter distance. Side lighting or even back lighting give the most impressive pictures.
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The filter curves show the absorption of the various Rollei filters in the spectral ranges ultra-violet; visible spectrum blue to red (appr.400-700mu), and infra-red. This means darker portion of the spectrogram = absorbed light; lighter portion = useful light. The light-transmission of the filter from the lowest point to the peak paint of the curve thus increases from O to 100%. While the UV filter cuts out the short wave ultra-violet portion of the spectrum, the green filter absorbs a substantial portion of the long wave red and infra-red range. |
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Portraits For portraits with panchromatic film in the open air, choose a soft lighting, preferably in the morning or late afternoon. Favor soft light, avoid deep shadows. If necessary, light up the shadows with an aluminum fail--covered cardboard used as a reflector, or with flash. You can sometimes make effective use of light walls, clothing and snow as reflectors. Simple, proven artificial light procedure: lamp No. 1 next to camera somewhat above head level, lamp No. 2 on the side to lighten shadows. Far special effects, lamp No. 3 as overhead or back-light. Important: use lens hood and focusing extension hood for reducing extraneous light. Moisten lips (highlights!). To reduce sharpness and add glamour, Rolleisaft (soft diffusion disc) 0 or 1 (stronger) over lens. Use larger diaphragm openings and backlight far sunny effects. |
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Children |
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Sports |
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Snapshots
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Shutter speeds and diaphragm openings do not often need changing in sunlight. Those suggested cover most contingencies. Thus instead of wasting time for focusing when in a hurry, use one of the above settings. This snapshot technique is especially useful with the direct view finder. Variation of the values (see table page 29) makes this technique available far other depth of field zones. Example: diaphragm opening f 11, focus at 30 ft. depth of field extends from 15 ft to oo (infinity) for snapshots of scenes. Chief uses for this technique: groups in motion, street scenes, playing children, reportage, sports.
Flashlight
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1. Use fresh batteries. Condenser or capacitor flashguns are more consistent since lamp ignition is some what less dependent on battery power (Rolleiflash). 2. Be sure that the contacts of the battery and lamp sockets are clean. Handle flash cable with care, avoid kinking, otherwise there will be danger of short circuit and premature flash ignition. -- Note: the contact must no t be connected to house current! 3. To light up long rooms or to achieve special illumination effects, one or two Rolleiflash comb. extension units may be connected to the Rolleiflash. Connecting cords adding up to a total length of 33 feet (66 feet with fresh battery) may be used. Always insert flash lamps in Rolleiflash first, then in extension units, to avoid premature firing. Unnecessary battery drain will be avoided by inserting lamps just before firing and ejecting immediately afterwards. |
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4. Blue flash lamps, like electronic flash, simulate daylight and are intended far use with daylight color film. 5. The power of flash illumination decreases according to the square of the distance: i.e., an object six feet away receives only one-fourth the light as an object at three feet Distance from flash to subject must therefore be carefully considered in selecting diaphragm opening. Lamp manufacturers supply easy to use guide numbers which are divided by the distance in feet to obtain the required diaphragm opening. 6. Flash as main light source: do not take weak room illumination into account, expose strictly according to flash output. |
7. Flash as fill-in light: useful in brightening shadows whether due to insufficient illumination or to the fact that the picture is being taken 'against-the-light', in full sunlight The fill-in light must be kept at a lower intensity level than the main source of illumination, otherwise the strong flash will give an unnatural effect, not at all like daylight. Too strong a flash might even cause an apparent under-exposure of the sky or the area not reached by the light. Electronic flash units are particularly well suited for use as fill-in lights when shooting color sports pictures. Use smaller lamps or keep them at greater distance.
8. When using the built-m self-timer, only X-contact is employed. It is best to use 1/30th sec. with this contact setting for most lamps.
Panorama Pictures
As special landscape photos distant views covering a wide stretch of the horizon are easily possible with the panorama head. Any number of shots, from two to a complete circle (360°) ten may be taken to form a partial or complete panoramic view. Use a sturdy tripod and carefully level the camera by means of the spirit level provided in the panorama head. You may easily include yourself in one of the pictures by means of the self-timer, thus adding interest in the form of a figure when none other is available. Changes in lighting must be considered in making the separate exposures. Fast moving clouds require that the succeeding pictures be made quickly in order to get easily matched joints. There is ample overlapping between each picture to make accurate cutting and joining easy. Of course, the prints should be well matched In tone and contrast as well.
P.S. There are many simple computer image program that can
"staple" multiple images to make a panoramic image. Most smart phones
can also perform this function.
Multiple Exposures
The possibility of winding the shutter without advancing the film (-> p. 30) permits double or multiple exposures. Here are few trick possibilities: multiple portrait images of the same person. Pictures of 'doubles'. Penetrations: technical apparatuses in closed and open presentation.
Action studies with flash: moving machine parts in various working positrons. Publicity: photographs super-imposed on text, combinations photos.
Tone separations: multiple exposures with different filters. Time and growth studies: phototropism, crystallization. When pictures are taken from the same position: completely steady tripod, immovable position of camera. Cable release! Dark, unlighted background simplifies photographing objects which are placed side by side (reduces the danger of interfering background). To facilitate composition, fashion paper masks for ground glass.
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Color Shots Use extreme care in exposure when strong light contrasts prevail. In case of doubt take three shots, using the same shutter speed but varying the diaphragm a half stop an each side of the estimated exposure. Make a note of the exposure data far future aid when facing similar conditions. The slightly longer exposure will result in lighter, more transparent colors in the slides, while the shorter exposure will result in deep color effects. You may of course set the meter for a lower film sensitivity when a longer exposure is desired and far a higher DIN/ASA rating when the opposite would be better. Critical workers will carry out such a test before going on vacation and then use a batch of film with the same emulsion number. Color films should be developed as soon as possible since storing exposed films adversely affects the colors. Color conversion filters can be used to correct for the deviations that occur in daylight or studio illumination. The Rolleipol filter is used to diminish reflections and to control the tone of the blue sky (-> p. 44). Subjects with large plane areas are generally most pleasing; close-ups are most rewarding. Do not choose subjects displaying a conglomeration of harsh colors. |
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Color conversion filters 3.Filter -- Select the filter indicated apposite the correct temperature range (in this case, R 2). Note that table B gives correction far light value (--0.5) and the increase in required exposure (1.5 times). The guide lines hereunder listed require sliding page 55 somewhat further to the left. |
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Rollei filters for black and white shots Special compensation factors for light values are given when using filters, and these may be varied to suit type of film and lighting conditions. |
"Rollei filters for black and white shots".
Care of the Rolleiflex
A precision camera demands care in handling. Protect it against moisture, dust, sand, strong sunshine, hard blows or foils. First safeguard: the ever ready case. Proper camera protection is especially important on expeditions, in the tropics and for water sports. Use the metal ever ready case which is air-tight when closed and capable of floating. It provides sure protection against dust, humidity, splashes, windblown sand and blizzards. Carry camera around neck to minimize transportation shocks. Keep all parts clear and clean lenses with a soft camel's hair brush or doeskin. Although the mechanism is not unduly sensitive to card, some condensation may form on the lenses when the camera is brought into a warm room from outside in cold weather. Do not wipe off -- let moisture evaporate.
In Case of Damage to the Rolleiflex
Thee task of repairing major or minor damage is the special province of the expertly trained mechanic. Franke & Heidecke maintain their own special workshop in which all repairs are done with precision at nominal prices. Abroad, apply to photo dealers and factory representatives for full information.
